CWWPP
  • Home
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    • Who are we?
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    • The Region
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    • History
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    • Get Involved
    • Reports >
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      • Annual and Semi-Annual Reports
  • Our Work
    • Philosophy
    • Social Inclusion
    • Community-based Training
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    • Education >
      • Onsite Education
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    • Supervision
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  • PET (Pragmatic Empowerment Training)
    • Pragmatic Empowerment Training (PET)
    • Course 1-The Caregiver-Client Relationship >
      • 1 Introduction >
        • 1 Introduction to the PET
        • 2 The CWWPP >
          • Introduction to the CWWPP - Comments
        • 3 PET
        • 4 Facilitation
        • 5 Additional Remarks on the Course >
          • Inventarization
      • 2 The Caregiver-Client Relationship >
        • 1 Introduction and the Caregiver Client Relationship as the Basis of Everything
        • 2 Some First Principles >
          • Taking an Interest In and Concentrating on the Client
          • Taking An Attitude of Humanity and Compassion
          • Listening and Responding to the Total Person
        • 3 Some Points About Language and Getting to Know the Client >
          • Activities - Using Language That the Person Can Understand
          • Activities - Taking the Time and Getting As Much Information as Possible
          • Activities - Feelings
          • Activities - Motives
          • Activities - Interests
          • Activities - Content and Its Interpretation
          • Activities - Assumptions
          • Activities - Prejudices
          • Activities - Expectations
          • Activities - Generalizations
          • Activities -Final Remarks
        • 4 Creating the Right Atmosphere >
          • Activities - The Physical Environment
          • Activities - Formality
          • The Theme of the Session
          • Activities - The Presence of Other People in the Session
          • Activities - The Pressure on the Caregiver and the Client
          • Activities - Final Activities
        • 5 Persistence Patience Insistence Discipline >
          • Activities - Persistence
          • Activities - Patience
          • Activities - Insistence
          • Activities - Discipline
          • Activities - Final Comments
        • 6 Identification and Maintaining Self-Identity >
          • Activities - Identification of the Caregiver with the Client and of the Client with the Caregiver
          • Activities - Maintaining Your Own Identity
          • Activities - Final Comments
          • Education
        • 7 Tolerance and Individualization >
          • Activities - Tolerance and Taking a Non-Judgmental Approach
          • Activities - Individualization
          • Activities - Final Comments
        • 8 Responsibility, Control, and Giving Permission >
          • Activities - Getting the Client to Take Control of His or Her Own Life
          • Activities - Giving the Client Control
          • Activities - Giving the Client Permission
          • Activities - Final comments
        • 9 Giving Time and Space; Listening vs. Preaching >
          • Activities - Giving Time and Space
          • Activities - Listening vs. Preaching
          • Activities - Final Remarks
        • 10 Gaining and Maintaining Trust >
          • Activities - Honesty
          • Activities- Openness
          • Activities - Directness
          • Activities - Keeping Promises
          • Activities - Humanity
          • Activities - Final Activities
          • Activities - Final Remarks
        • 11 Ethics >
          • Activities - Do No Harm
          • Activities - Privacy
          • Activities - The Relationship Between the Caregiver and the Client Outside of the Caregiving Situation
          • Activities - Professionalism
          • Activities - Payment and Gifts
          • Activities - Conventions and Codes
          • Activities - Final Activities
          • Activities - Final Remarks
        • 12 Preparation, Flexibility, and Adaptation >
          • Activities - Preparation
          • Activities - Flexibility and Adaptation
          • Activities - Final Remarks
        • 13 Religion, Belief, and Hope >
          • Activities - The Role of Belief and Religion
          • Activities - Hope
          • Activities - Final Remarks
        • 14 Time and Closeness Revisited >
          • Activities - Time
          • Activities - Closeness
          • Activities - Final Remarks
        • 15 Final Remarks and Activities for this Section >
          • Activities - Final Activities
      • 3 Self-Care >
        • 1 Introduction to this Section >
          • Activities - Introduction
        • 2 Limits >
          • Activities - Time
          • Activities - Physical and Emotional Energy
          • Activities - Acceptance of What We Can and Cannot Do
          • Activities - Final Remarks
        • 3 Burnout >
          • Activities - Introduction and Definition of Burnout
          • Activities - The Causes of Burnout
          • Activities - Symptoms and Signs of Burnout
          • Activities - Dealing with Burnout
          • Activities - Prevention of Burnout
          • Activities - Final Remarks
        • 4 Self-Reflection and Self-Criticism >
          • Activity - Self-Reflection and Self-Criticism
        • 5 The Balance Between Professional and Private Life >
          • Activities - Th Balance Between Professional and Personal Life
        • 6 Supervision and Intervision >
          • Activities - Supervision and Intervision
        • 7 Factors Promoting and Detracting from Self-Care
        • 8 Final Remarks and Activities for this Section >
          • Activities - Factors Promoting and Detracting from Self-Care
          • Activities - Final Remarks
      • 4 Final Remarks and Activities for the Course >
        • Activities - Final Remarks for the Course
    • Miscellaneous Educational Documents
  • Library
    • Learning Materials and Course Summaries
    • Brochures and Briefing Papers
    • Conference and Scientific Papers
    • Conference Trauma and Mental Heal in Conflict and Migration >
      • Kanda
      • Young
      • Shrusti
      • Dougherty
      • Yoder-Lopez
      • Tauber
      • Sillett
      • Niconchuk
    • Osijek Seminar 7 May 2019
    • InPact Conference May 2019
    • Articles about and by CWWPP
    • Artwork By A Refugee
  • Contact Us
  • Links
  • Donate
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      • Projekt Migranti
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    • PET Program >
      • Tečaj 1- Odnos pomagača i korisnika >
        • 1. Uvodni dio tečaja >
          • 1.1. Uvod
          • 1.2. O CWWPP-u i početcima PET-a
          • 1.3. Trening pragmatičnog osnaživanja (PET)
          • 1.4. Uvod u facilitiranje
          • 1.5. Završne napomene o načinu funkcioniranja tečaja
        • 2. Odnos pomagača i korisnika >
          • 2.1. Odnos kao osnova svega
          • 2.2. Osnovna načela
          • 2.3. O jeziku sporazumijevanja i o upoznavanju korisnika
          • 2.4. Stvaranje ugodaja
          • 2.5. Ustrajnost, strpljivost, upornost i disciplina
          • 2.6. Identificiranje s drugima i čuvanje vlastitog identiteta
          • 2.7. Tolerancija, ne osuđujući pristup i individualizacija
          • 2.8. Odgovornost, kontrola, davanje dozvole za izražavanje osjećaja
          • 2.9. Davanje vremena i prostora; slušanje umjesto moraliziranja
          • 2.10. Stjecanje i održavanje povjerenja
          • 2.11. Etika
          • 2.12. Priprema, fleksibilnost i prilagodba
          • 2.13. Vjera, religija i nada
          • 2.14. Ponovimo: Vremenska posvećenost i prisnost s korisnikom
          • 2.15. Završne napomene i aktivnosti
        • 3. Self-Care >
          • 3.1. Uvod
          • 3.2. Ograničenja
          • 3.3. Burnout
          • 3.4. Samopromatranje i samokritika
          • 3.5. Ravnoteža između poslovnog i privatnog života
          • 3.6. Supervizija i intervizija
          • 3.7. Čimbenici i aktivnosti koji potiču ili ometaju Self-care
          • 3.8. Završne napomene i aktivnosti za ovo poglavlje
        • 4. Završne napomene i aktivnosti za ovaj tečaj
    • Donirajte
  • Podcast

TOLERANCE AND INDIVIDUALIZATION

​Introduction
In passing, we have spoken about tolerance and taking a non-judgmental approach several times in this course. We also have spoken about prejudices, assumptions, and generalizations, and the need to move ourselves and the client toward individualization, that is, toward dealing with specific people rather looking at and perhaps blaming whole groups. Both of these topics have to do with peacebuilding and reconciliation and the transformation of collectives, that is, societies, as well as with individual and group work with clients. Later, in the course on psychology and trauma, we will describe the levels on which traumatization can occur and how we need to work on it on several levels in parallel. Here, we want to introduce the general concepts.
 
As always, we strongly urge you to complete all of the recommended activities. We also remind you not to post anything that would lead to the identification of another person. As we will continue to say, that can cause harm and is highly unethical.
 
Tolerance and Taking a Non-Judgmental Approach
A very important principle in giving care is to distinguish people from their acts.
 
In this, we need to present several important principles. 
 
The first principle is that, in virtually all cases, we are talking about actions that are the result of psychological reactions rather than psychological diseases or disorders. People carry out actions based on their backgrounds, education, the way they have been treated, the cultures in which they grew up and lived, and a wide variety of other experiences that they have had. These reactions may have become habit. A reaction that a person has now and the action that the person takes may have its roots in what worked in the past and may not necessarily be based on what is happening at the current moment. Also, the person simply may not know how to react to a given situation.
 
In this context, another principle is that every person does the best that he or she possibly can at any given moment given his or her background and the circumstances. Almost no one does something deliberately that he or she thinks will be harmful. Almost everyone has morals or standards. These also can get in the way of other things. The effort to do something good may backfire and do unintended harm. 
 
We must mention that there are two groups that are exceptions in this context. One is people who are known as psychopaths. These are people without feelings. There are very few such people. 
 
The other group is people who are known as sociopaths. These are people who, in general, have been highly traumatized, usually at an early age, and who react only in their own interest.
 
Both psychopaths and sociopaths may be considered to be psychologically ill people and should be worked with only by specialists. Sometimes, they are difficult to identify. However, the number of such people whom you will see probably is very small.
 
Many people have guilt for their reactions and they feel shame about them, whether they deserve to or not.
 
Guilt has to do with responsibility. It can be positive or negative. We see positive guilt as admitting that something was wrong when it really was wrong, which frequently is not the case, and trying to put it right. Negative guilt is taking responsibility for something that was not the person’s fault. Shame is the negative feeling within the person for his or her actions. Guilt and shame are different, and must be distinguished.
 
Our point here is that it is the responsibility of the caregiver to explore the client’s reactions with him or her. The caregiver may judge the reactions and the actions that have followed them as inappropriate, but it is not the place of the caregiver to judge the person as a person. This is tolerance. This is an extremely important principle and is central to the relationship between the caregiver and the client and to the transformational process of the client. Thus, it is the responsibility of the caregiver to accept the client as a person and to get the client to accept himself or herself.
 
Under some circumstances, it is not possible for the caregiver to work with clients who have carried out certain actions. Obviously, in such cases, the caregiver should refer the client to someone else.
 
Activities
  • Give a situation in which the client had difficulty accepting his or her own actions. How did you deal with that?
  • Give a situation in which you had difficulty accepting a client’s actions. How did you deal with that?
  • Give a situation in which you had difficulty in accepting your own actions. How did you deal with that?
 
To comment click here.

Individualization
Individualization is the opposite of making generalizations or assumptions or having prejudices. That is, it means taking the responsibility or blame away from a larger group and putting it onto specific individuals. Thus, it was not the (fill in your least favorite group here) who carried out those acts, but it was Mr. X or Ms. X. This is very important at a collective level and also at the level of the transformational process for the individual in several respects. Again, we first must look at a principle that we will get into in more detail in the next section, namely that each individual has responsibility for his or her own actions. This is an important psychological principle as well as one that has its foundation in international law. Under such law, no one may be forced to carry out orders that he or she deems to be immoral or illegal. Individualization leads the client to see the traumatization in a different context. Thus, it was the individual who carried out the action and not the group as a whole. At one level, the system might be blamed for brainwashing them, but the individual still had the responsibility for his or her specific actions. With regard to the client, this can have deep consequences, as it can for the societies involved. This realization can lead the client to take restorative action, both psychological and legal, with regard to the trauma. The interaction between legal action and individual psychological transformational action by the client also can be therapeutic. We will discuss this in more detail in the courses on psychology and human rights.
 
Activities
  • Describe a situation in which a client benefited from work with individualization if you have had one. 
  • Even if you haven’t done this sort of work, describe one or more situations in your own context in which clients could benefit from work with individualization.
To comment click here.

Final Remarks
Tolerance and looking at actions as the consequences of the person’s entire background, reaction patterns, and circumstances is extremely important for the client as well as giving the caregiver deeper insights into the client and into traumatization in general. As everything in this work, it takes a great deal of time and effort and thought and feeling. 

To comment click here.


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Go to next- 8. Responsibility, Control, and Giving Permission
Go to previous - 7. Identification and maintaining self-identity
go to the home page for the section on the caregiver-client relationship
go to the home page for the course

COPYRIGHT © cwwpp 2019

  • Home
  • About Us
    • Who are we?
    • Mission and Vision
    • The Region
    • Profile of Psychological Trauma
    • History
    • Partners
    • Get Involved
    • Reports >
      • Monthly Reports
      • Annual and Semi-Annual Reports
  • Our Work
    • Philosophy
    • Social Inclusion
    • Community-based Training
    • Groups with which We Work
    • Peer Counseling and Self-Help Groups
    • Education >
      • Onsite Education
      • Online Education
      • "Blended" Education in Croatia and Other Regions
      • How You Can Request a Course or Counseling
      • Internships, The Summer Program, and Other Possibilities for Students
    • Supervision
    • Work with people
    • Sensitization
    • The Migrant Project
  • PET (Pragmatic Empowerment Training)
    • Pragmatic Empowerment Training (PET)
    • Course 1-The Caregiver-Client Relationship >
      • 1 Introduction >
        • 1 Introduction to the PET
        • 2 The CWWPP >
          • Introduction to the CWWPP - Comments
        • 3 PET
        • 4 Facilitation
        • 5 Additional Remarks on the Course >
          • Inventarization
      • 2 The Caregiver-Client Relationship >
        • 1 Introduction and the Caregiver Client Relationship as the Basis of Everything
        • 2 Some First Principles >
          • Taking an Interest In and Concentrating on the Client
          • Taking An Attitude of Humanity and Compassion
          • Listening and Responding to the Total Person
        • 3 Some Points About Language and Getting to Know the Client >
          • Activities - Using Language That the Person Can Understand
          • Activities - Taking the Time and Getting As Much Information as Possible
          • Activities - Feelings
          • Activities - Motives
          • Activities - Interests
          • Activities - Content and Its Interpretation
          • Activities - Assumptions
          • Activities - Prejudices
          • Activities - Expectations
          • Activities - Generalizations
          • Activities -Final Remarks
        • 4 Creating the Right Atmosphere >
          • Activities - The Physical Environment
          • Activities - Formality
          • The Theme of the Session
          • Activities - The Presence of Other People in the Session
          • Activities - The Pressure on the Caregiver and the Client
          • Activities - Final Activities
        • 5 Persistence Patience Insistence Discipline >
          • Activities - Persistence
          • Activities - Patience
          • Activities - Insistence
          • Activities - Discipline
          • Activities - Final Comments
        • 6 Identification and Maintaining Self-Identity >
          • Activities - Identification of the Caregiver with the Client and of the Client with the Caregiver
          • Activities - Maintaining Your Own Identity
          • Activities - Final Comments
          • Education
        • 7 Tolerance and Individualization >
          • Activities - Tolerance and Taking a Non-Judgmental Approach
          • Activities - Individualization
          • Activities - Final Comments
        • 8 Responsibility, Control, and Giving Permission >
          • Activities - Getting the Client to Take Control of His or Her Own Life
          • Activities - Giving the Client Control
          • Activities - Giving the Client Permission
          • Activities - Final comments
        • 9 Giving Time and Space; Listening vs. Preaching >
          • Activities - Giving Time and Space
          • Activities - Listening vs. Preaching
          • Activities - Final Remarks
        • 10 Gaining and Maintaining Trust >
          • Activities - Honesty
          • Activities- Openness
          • Activities - Directness
          • Activities - Keeping Promises
          • Activities - Humanity
          • Activities - Final Activities
          • Activities - Final Remarks
        • 11 Ethics >
          • Activities - Do No Harm
          • Activities - Privacy
          • Activities - The Relationship Between the Caregiver and the Client Outside of the Caregiving Situation
          • Activities - Professionalism
          • Activities - Payment and Gifts
          • Activities - Conventions and Codes
          • Activities - Final Activities
          • Activities - Final Remarks
        • 12 Preparation, Flexibility, and Adaptation >
          • Activities - Preparation
          • Activities - Flexibility and Adaptation
          • Activities - Final Remarks
        • 13 Religion, Belief, and Hope >
          • Activities - The Role of Belief and Religion
          • Activities - Hope
          • Activities - Final Remarks
        • 14 Time and Closeness Revisited >
          • Activities - Time
          • Activities - Closeness
          • Activities - Final Remarks
        • 15 Final Remarks and Activities for this Section >
          • Activities - Final Activities
      • 3 Self-Care >
        • 1 Introduction to this Section >
          • Activities - Introduction
        • 2 Limits >
          • Activities - Time
          • Activities - Physical and Emotional Energy
          • Activities - Acceptance of What We Can and Cannot Do
          • Activities - Final Remarks
        • 3 Burnout >
          • Activities - Introduction and Definition of Burnout
          • Activities - The Causes of Burnout
          • Activities - Symptoms and Signs of Burnout
          • Activities - Dealing with Burnout
          • Activities - Prevention of Burnout
          • Activities - Final Remarks
        • 4 Self-Reflection and Self-Criticism >
          • Activity - Self-Reflection and Self-Criticism
        • 5 The Balance Between Professional and Private Life >
          • Activities - Th Balance Between Professional and Personal Life
        • 6 Supervision and Intervision >
          • Activities - Supervision and Intervision
        • 7 Factors Promoting and Detracting from Self-Care
        • 8 Final Remarks and Activities for this Section >
          • Activities - Factors Promoting and Detracting from Self-Care
          • Activities - Final Remarks
      • 4 Final Remarks and Activities for the Course >
        • Activities - Final Remarks for the Course
    • Miscellaneous Educational Documents
  • Library
    • Learning Materials and Course Summaries
    • Brochures and Briefing Papers
    • Conference and Scientific Papers
    • Conference Trauma and Mental Heal in Conflict and Migration >
      • Kanda
      • Young
      • Shrusti
      • Dougherty
      • Yoder-Lopez
      • Tauber
      • Sillett
      • Niconchuk
    • Osijek Seminar 7 May 2019
    • InPact Conference May 2019
    • Articles about and by CWWPP
    • Artwork By A Refugee
  • Contact Us
  • Links
  • Donate
  • Koalicija za rad sa psihotraumom i za mir Vukovar
    • O nama
    • Misija i vizija
    • Godisnja financijska i opisna izvjesca
    • Kontakt
    • Živa knjižnica
    • Aktivnosti
    • Naš rad >
      • Naša filozofija
      • Socijalna uključenost
      • Obuka u zajednici
      • Skupine s kojima radimo
      • Peer savjetovanje/Grupe za samopomoć
      • Edukacija
      • Supervizija/Intervizija
      • Senzibilizacija društva/Brošure
      • Projekt Migranti
    • Profil psihološke traume
    • PET Program >
      • Tečaj 1- Odnos pomagača i korisnika >
        • 1. Uvodni dio tečaja >
          • 1.1. Uvod
          • 1.2. O CWWPP-u i početcima PET-a
          • 1.3. Trening pragmatičnog osnaživanja (PET)
          • 1.4. Uvod u facilitiranje
          • 1.5. Završne napomene o načinu funkcioniranja tečaja
        • 2. Odnos pomagača i korisnika >
          • 2.1. Odnos kao osnova svega
          • 2.2. Osnovna načela
          • 2.3. O jeziku sporazumijevanja i o upoznavanju korisnika
          • 2.4. Stvaranje ugodaja
          • 2.5. Ustrajnost, strpljivost, upornost i disciplina
          • 2.6. Identificiranje s drugima i čuvanje vlastitog identiteta
          • 2.7. Tolerancija, ne osuđujući pristup i individualizacija
          • 2.8. Odgovornost, kontrola, davanje dozvole za izražavanje osjećaja
          • 2.9. Davanje vremena i prostora; slušanje umjesto moraliziranja
          • 2.10. Stjecanje i održavanje povjerenja
          • 2.11. Etika
          • 2.12. Priprema, fleksibilnost i prilagodba
          • 2.13. Vjera, religija i nada
          • 2.14. Ponovimo: Vremenska posvećenost i prisnost s korisnikom
          • 2.15. Završne napomene i aktivnosti
        • 3. Self-Care >
          • 3.1. Uvod
          • 3.2. Ograničenja
          • 3.3. Burnout
          • 3.4. Samopromatranje i samokritika
          • 3.5. Ravnoteža između poslovnog i privatnog života
          • 3.6. Supervizija i intervizija
          • 3.7. Čimbenici i aktivnosti koji potiču ili ometaju Self-care
          • 3.8. Završne napomene i aktivnosti za ovo poglavlje
        • 4. Završne napomene i aktivnosti za ovaj tečaj
    • Donirajte
  • Podcast